Blighs Claims and Liabilities in Tort Case Study

Blighs Claims and Liabilities in Tort - Case Study Example Tort may include that this personal violation or wrong can be negligent or intentional such as battery or defamation of character. Torts can also be violations of personal property as well. Strictly speaking, torts are called civil wrongs as opposed to criminal wrongs. However, torts like battery can be both a tort and a crime and the defendant can face both civil and criminal penalties. Torts may be committed with force or without force to the person or to the property in possession. Tort laws have been enacted to provide relief for the damages incurred and deter others from committing the same injurious acts. Under most tort laws, a person can sue for an injunction to stop the continuation of an injurious act or for monetary damages. Under Tort law, a person can also sue for loss of earnings capacity, pain and suffering, and reasonable medical expenses in the present and projected into the future. Some of the more specific torts include trespass, assault & battery, negligence, products liability, and intentional infliction of emotional distress. Tort liability fall into three categories: intentional, negligent and liability. (i) Negligence: Negligence is a tort which depends on the existence of a breach of duty of care owed by one person to another. In order to claim damages under 'negligence', the following conditions must have been satisfied. In the above case, the de... b) The defendant breached the duty of care c) Breach causing harm in fact d) The injury / loss was caused by the breach and damages need to be awarded e) Breach being a proximate or not too remote a cause, in law In the above case, the defendant Mr. Hood had negligently left the keys in the ignition, because of which, Mr. Fletcher took the cruiser without Mr. Hood's permission and hit Mr. Bligh's barge. This has resulted in damage to the property of Mr. Bligh. If Mr. Hood had properly locked it, and had not left the keys in the ignition itself, the damage wouldn't have happened. As such, 'negligence' has provided a cause of action against Mr. Hood. In Donoghue v. Stevenson's case , Mrs Donoghue could sue the manufacturer of Ginger Beer for negligence, since he had not exercised due care in checking the contents of Ginger Beer which had decomposed snail in it. (ii) Vicarious Liability: It is not sure whether Mr. Fletcher is an employee of Mr. Hood. If he is an employee of Mr. Hood, Mr. Bligh can claim damages from Mr. Hood under Vicarious liability as well. "Since his employee harmed the barge of Mr. Bligh in the course of his employment, he is required to bear responsibility for it. In one of the tort cases, the conductor of a bus drove the bus negligently and injured a pedestrian. The court ruled that the owner of that bus is liable for conductor's irresponsible act, since the accident happened during the course of employment. (iii) Intangible Economic Interests / Monitory loss: Because of the above act of Mr. Fletcher, the barge was damaged and took a day to repair. As a result, Mr. Bligh was unable to use it to carry on his transport business and lost a day's profit, there being no other barge available. Mr. Bligh, can claim the monitory loss

The evolution of human intelligence Essay Example for Free

The evolution of human intelligence Essay The evolution of human intelligence refers to a set of theories that attempt to explain how human intelligence has evolved. These theories are closely tied to the evolution of the human brain and to the emergence of human language. The timeline of human evolution spans approximately 7 million years,[citation needed] from the separation of the Pan genus until the emergence of behavioral modernity by 50,000 years ago. The first 3 million years of this timeline concern Sahelanthropus, the following 2 million concern Australopithecus and the final 2 million span the history of actual human species (the Paleolithic). Many traits of human intelligence, such as empathy, theory of mind, mourning, ritual, and the use of symbols and tools, are already apparent in great apes although in lesser sophistication than in humans. The great apes show considerable abilities for cognition and empathy. Chimpanzees make tools and use them to acquire foods and for social displays; they have sophisticated hunting strategies requiring cooperation, influence and rank; they are status conscious, manipulative and capable of deception; they can learn to use symbols and understand aspects of human language including some relational syntax, concepts of number and numerical sequence.In one study, young chimpanzees outperformed human college students in tasks requiring remembering numbers. This claim was refuted in a later study after it was noted that the chimpanzees had received extensive practice with the task while the students were evaluated on their first attempt. When human subjects were given time to practice, they substantially outperformed the young chimps. Chimpanzees are capable of empathy, having been observed to feed turtles in the wild, and show curiosity in wildlife (such as pythons)[citation needed].Homininae Around 10 million years ago, the Earths climate entered a cooler and drier phase, which led eventually to the ice ages beginning some 2.6 million years ago. One consequence of this was that the north African tropical forest began to retreat, being replaced first by open grasslands and eventually by desert (the modern Sahara). As their environment changed from continuous forest to patches of forest separated by expanses of grassland, some primates adapted to a partly or fully ground-dwelling life. Here they were exposed to predators, such as the big cats, from whom they had previously been safe. These environmental pressures caused selection to favor bipedalism: walking on hind legs. This gave the Homininaes eyes greater elevation, the ability to see approaching danger further off, and a more efficient means of locomotion (see main article for details).[citation needed] It also freed the forelimbs (arms) from the task of walking and made the hands available for tasks such as gathering food. At some point the bipedal primates developed handedness, giving them the ability to pick up sticks, bones and stones and use them as weapons, or as tools for tasks such as killing smaller animals, cracking nuts, or cutting up carcasses. In other words, these primates developed the use of primitive technology. Bipedal tool-using primates form the Hominina subtribe, of which the earliest species, such as Sahelanthropus tchadensis, date to about 7 to 5 million years ago. From about 5 million years ago, the Hominin brain began to develop rapidly in both size and differentiation of function. It has been shown that Great Ape cooperation and communication is severely impeded by their competitiveness, and thus that the apes would revolutionize their culture-bearing ability if they could just shrug off their competitiveness. It is also well known that even early hominins lacked the size and sharpness of their canine teeth that apes use as a threat signal, suggesting prehumans simply had no use for threat signals. That means they had already transcended ape competitiveness and thus developed superior cooperation and communication. There has been a gradual increase in brain volume as humans progressed along the timeline of evolution (see Homininae), starting from about 600 cm3 in Homo habilis up to 1500 cm3 in Homo sapiens neanderthalensis. Thus, in general theres a correlation between brain volume and intelligence. However, modern Homo sapiens have a brain volume slightly smaller (1250 cm3) than neanderthals, and the Flores hominids (Homo floresiensis), nicknamed hobbits, had a cranial capacity of about 380 cm3 (considered small for a chimpanzee) about a third of that of H. erectus. It is proposed that they evolved from H. erectus as a case of insular dwarfism. With their three times smaller brain the Flores hominids apparently used fire and made tools as sophisticated as those of their ancestor H.erectus. In this case, it seems that for intelligence, the structure of the brain is more important than its volume. The social brain hypothesis was proposed by British anthropologist Robin Dunbar, who argues that human intelligence did not evolve primarily as a means to solve ecological problems, but rather intelligence evolved as a means of surviving and reproducing in large and complex social groups. Some of the behaviors associated with living in large groups include reciprocal altruism, deception and coalition formation. These group dynamics relate to Theory of Mind or the ability to understand the thoughts and emotions of others, though Dunbar himself admits in the same book that it is not the flocking itself that causes intelligence to evolve (as shown by ruminants). Dunbar argues that when the size of a social group increases, the number of different relationships in the group may increase by orders of magnitude. Chimpanzees live in groups of about 50 individuals whereas humans typically have a social circle of about 150 people, which is now referred to as Dunbars number. According to the social brain hypothesis, when hominids started living in large groups, selection favored greater intelligence. As evidence, Dunbar cites a relationship between neocortex size and group size of various mammals. However, meerkats have far more social relationships than their small brain capacity would suggest. Another hypothesis is that it is actually intelligence that causes social relationships to become more complex, because intelligent individuals are more difficult to learn to know. There are also studies that show that Dunbars number is not the upper limit of the number of social relationships in humans either

Ethnographic Research in Workplace Culture Studies

Ethnographic Research in Workplace Culture Studies Summary Ethnography: a research method for deciphering a behavior that is not in words or numbers. Ethnographic Research is a discipline based on the concept of culture that combines tactics of observation and interview to record the dynamic behavior. It needs the personal experience and possible participation, not just observation, by researchers. It has multidisciplinary teams and is very important have a focal point. Ethnographers study any human area; and the principal idea is moving from learning to testing. Ethnography has its roots planted in the fields of anthropology and sociology. Ethnographic research has variations in observational methods, which involves a commitment to get close to the subject being observed in its natural setting, to be factual and descriptive; and variations in observer involvement, observer is also a participant in the program activities being studied. In participant observation the challenge is to combine participation and observation so as to become capable of understanding the experience as an insider while describing the experience for outsiders. Three methodological principles: Naturalism. The objectives are the ethnographers carry out their research in natural, settings that exist independently of the research process. And the notion of naturalism implies that social events and processes must be explained in terms of their relationship to the context in which they occur. Understanding: in this point the human actions differ from the behavior of physical objects; involve interpretation of stimulus and the construction of responses. It is necessary to learn the culture of the group one is studying before one can produce valid explanations for the behavior of its members. Discovery: They have a general interest in some types of social phenomenon and/or in some theoretical issue or practical problem. The ethnographic research has generic guidelines for conducting fieldwork, and in particular evaluation situation, the needs of the interview, and the personal style of the interviewer all come together to create a unique situation for each interview. It is important have in mind that the privacy or copyright issues may apply to the documents gathered. Regard to ethics in ethnographic research; the researchers must make their research goals clear to the members of the community, where they undertake their research and gain the informed consent of their consultants to the research beforehand. The purpose of analysis is to organize the description in a way that makes it manageable. Description is balanced by analysis and leads into interpretation. Ethnographic With International Business The relationship between ethnographic research and international business has a great importance in our organisations, because they musthave a comprehensive and specific knowledge of the characteristics of each of its target markets in which they want to generate future international negotiations. Then as ethnographic research is the study of customs, behaviors, symbols of a specific culture, it becomes a tool that brings efficiency when business worldwide take place, because these studies facilitate to the organisation to adapt faster according to the features of the culture target. The ethnography as research method allows the companies to get an idea on consumers actual practices, and suggests the needs to promote certain products and communication strategies. Thus, problems are not verbally articulated by consumers are identified by the ethnographer, and turned into opportunities for modifying marketing strategies. Ethnographic observation came to be the first step towards innovation, because it promotes the discovery of uncover opportunities , not articulated in words or concepts. The ethnography of markets is an effective way to develop a detailed and contextualized understanding of the behavior and choices of consumers. For example, some applications in which ethnography has proven to be useful are: In the discovery and development of new products. The ethnographic approach is useful in studying the internal operations of businesses, employee groups and business environments. By knowing the appropriate language and cultural codes in different regions and cultural groups through ethnographic immersion, it is possible to reach new market niches such as groups ensuring loyalty to brands. References GORDILLO, Andrà ©s. â€Å"Contac with the real world†. [http://www.centronacionaldeconsultoria.com/articulos/Contacto%20con%20el%20mundo%20real.pdf] McDonalds [EAST http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bgN7UNrjf3kfeature=related] [INDIA www.youtube.com/watch?v=AvjK5FJJjrQfeature=related] [EUROPE www.youtube.com/watch?v=aS3qoo0hzu0feature=related] [ www.youtube.com/watch?v=pDix0VvrV1g ] [ www.youtube.com/watch?v=40DykbPa4LcNR=1 ]   GENZUK, Michael. A synthesis of ethnographic research.   www-rcf.usc.edu/~genzuk/Ethnographic_Research   www.youtube.com   Class presentation. Ethnographic research.2010 National Organisational Culture National culture is a matter of what people believe deep down, and no one can force or buy such belief. [Millman, Gregory J.Culture. Jul 1, 2007] Organizational culture has expectations, standards and goals common to a group experiences, beliefs and values, both personal and cultural organization. So, organizational culture is different to national culture and is incorrect put in the same place, is necessary separate. So start in the organizational culture to one person, that in group develop and shape an organization, any and all decide to follow and work with it. It is important to recognize that organizational culture takes time to apply within an organization and describe the whole collection of assumptions, practices and norms that people adopt in an organization over time. The resulting culture of the organization is externally influenced by the culture of the nation and in many cases the communities that surround it. Now when we talk about changes in a company is not about changing the culture, but rather help it to solve the problems. A change in behavior depends on how the company uses its cultural strength, changing certain actions people should and should not do. The idea of changing culture in order to achieve some business objective, or even to comply with a court order, comes from a misunderstanding of what culture means. Cultural anything comes at the end of the process, and the cultures don ´t change, is possible but think I am trying a new strategy, trying to use acquisitions and integrate them to make the company grow. The point is, you do not go out and try to change the culture. You do something to improve performance. When entrepreneurs start businesses, they do what makes sense to them in the context of values and assumptions they may have had in mind since they were children. How they treat their people, and what their people expect, may depend on national cultural assumptions so deeply rooted that few ever question them but they can stymie attempts to change corporate culture. Now, in globalization, we need people who make slow decisions, who think before they act, who do not immediately voice any opinions, who are prepared to go against established practice.   Mead, Richard. 2004. International Management: Cross-Cultural Dimensions London: Blackwell Publishing. Chapter 1.   Millman, Gregory J. . 2007. Corporate Culture: more myth than reality? . The Free Library 23:44-47. Millman, Gregory J. (2007, July 1). Posted by MARIA CAMILA at 2:20 PM Is a corporate culture in every organisation?- Can it be modified?- How does is affect processes that require a deep organizational change? Organisational culture is the union of values (beliefs, ideas,) and rules which are shared by individuals and by groups within an organisation, which define the way you interact between people and the environment of the organisation. So, is possible that in every organisation are corporate cultures. With targets set from the values of the organisation, develop standards, guidelines and expectations that determine the appropriate behavior of workers in particular situations. But trying to determine the corporate culture, the desire to impose values and behavior standards that reflect the objectives of the organisation, not an easy task, since past situations brings with organisational decisions could be taken earlier. Organisational culture is symbolic, with its element leads its members to establish identity and exclusion processes. It is intangible and the only observable manifestations, so to get to change it; you have to start making simple changes from the symbols and customs that guide it. For example, in the conduct of its old and new workers, it should encompass all levels and departments within the organisation, from personal and social relations to the accounting rules. This culture has several effects on the behavior of its members, like: The attraction and selection processes. On memory processes and voluntary turnover, that if there is greater understanding between the values of employees and organisational culture, the greater the employee commitment to the organisation, and less voluntary departure. To be successful, changes in competitive strategy will require a consistent change in people, work roles, organizational structure, and technology. Internal changes in the organizational approach to improve human capability will require organizational learning, and an alignment of the strengths and values within the organization. By aligning the strengths and values within the organization, it will improve the overall success of the competitive strategy and meet with the long-term goals of the organization.Ver: [www.managementorganizationaldevelopment.blogspot.com ] If a culture is achieved flexible, changing cash, may adapt more easily to the external environment, fulfilling its mission and vision for. References Millman, Gregory J. Corporate Culture: more myth than reality?. Jul 1, 2007 www.humanresources.about.com/od/organizationalculture/ www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/ndu www.soi.org/reading/change/culture TOGGENBURG, Gabriel. EURAC research:Who is Managing Ethnic and Cultural Diversity in the European Condominium? The Moments of Entry, Integration and Preservation. Posted by MARIA CAMILA at 4:24 PM Migrants Workers Immigration to Canada refers to the process by people from other countries migrate to Canada to live permanently. Canada must have experienced some sort of immigration over the course of its early existence, for it had a population of around five million by 1901. Along the Canadian history millions of people have migrated to this country and nowadays the country has a population of more than 30 millions, the principal cause of population growth has been immigration. Immigration is generally caused by social, political and economic reasons, groups of people settle down permanently or temporarily in other country in order to find a better quality of life. Some countries typical of immigrants are Germany, Australia, Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Chile, USA, France, New Zealand and United Kingdom, where it ´s possible to study the phenomenon of foreigner who go to work. The immigrants face a challenge in the new country, the must to be part of it in the work field (legal permits, ID and social security) and also they have to assume new costumes and ways of life and integrate them to theirs. The history of immigration to Canada in the modern age began in great numbers after World War II. More Europeans moved into the country: Italians, Irish, Greeks, as well as continuing numbers of French and British. A second wave of immigrants came in the 1960s, mostly consisting of Asians, Hispanics, Indians, Caribbeans, and Arabs. At that time the Government introduced severe immigration restriction. In the 1960s, explicit discrimination on the basis of race or religion was eliminated, to be replaced by criteria and then a â€Å"points system† which emphasized the skills, education, and training of the independent immigrant, rather than his or her ethnic or confessional background. Canada has the highest per-capita immigration rate in the world, driven by economic policy and family reunification. There are three categories of immigrants: Family Class: closely related persons of Canadian residents Independent Immigrants: admitted on the basis of a point system that account for age, health and labour-market skills Refugees: seeking protection by applying to remain in Canada. In 2008, there were 65,567 immigrants in the family class, 21,860 refugees, and 149,072 economic immigrants amongst the 247,243 total immigrants to the country. Canadas future prosperity will depend on its ability to supplement its aging workforce by more effectively utilizing its current and future human capital. Indeed Canada is part of a global war for talent and need to attract the brightest and the best people such as scientists, entrepreneurs and engineers. Canada and other immigrant countries need an adequate planning and infrastructure to make sure that new citizens and future immigrants are able to maximize their potential and contribute to economic growth of the country. Do you think the Points System in Canada is meant to protect the countrys sovereignity?, or  ¿is it just a deliberated form of discrimination? Why? Immigration is a global phenomenon, which affects mostly developed countries. Many developed nations have restricted immigration policies in order to prevent unequal competencies and ensure the contribution to the economic and social growth of the country. I think the Points System in Canada is meant to protect the countrys sovereignity and it is not a form of discrimination. Canada is an open country and well recognized for its immigrations system, which attracts thousands of immigrants every year. The Canadian system is part of a set of immigrations policies and emphasizes the skills, education, and training of the independent immigrant, rather than discrimination factors. The Points System evaluates the capacity of the future immigrants to become a part of the Canadian society successfully and it is based on the demands of labor market. A fact which confirms the non-discrimination in immigration policy in Canada is the diversity of origin and culture of the current immigrant population. Immigrants come from Asia, Europe, Latin America, Africa and Middle East. Another remarkable fact is that all permanent residents are entitled to the same benefits from the government. Canadian immigration policy has kept a process of refinement and adjustment to achieve a balance between generosity and the countrys economic and social interests. This balance is the key support and credibility of such policy.   Verbeeten, David. 2007. The Past and Future of Immigration to Canada. Journal of International Migration Integration, 8(1): 1-10.   Class presentation. Migrants workers. 2010 Managing Diversity If we want to be successful, diversity is something we need to take care of. We must understand our context and realize how important it is to make diversity an item that can make us improve. The diversity can make us expand every day. This is because diversity brings with itself several cultures, depending of the place where they are. Those kind of points of view can increase the possibilities of create a lot of products that all the human classes would be able to afford. So diversity has the possibility not only to learn about it, but setting up our organization with the different ideas that came up from it. And these ideas are very significant because they are developed for the culture and traditions (and more). Also, its important to know that diversity can be present in different ways. For example, demographic variables, beliefs, behaviors, self conceptions, skills. This means that if we use all of these differences, we will be able to have too many options that increase us, not even as a company but as a person. And as a person, you can also acquire abilities to be an excellent manager; for example, avoid prejudices, increase employing, increase tolerance. As a team, we get the experience to talk work in groups, we can work with too many ideas that will help us in managing conflicts and in problems solution (â€Å"two heads think better than one†) and this will be productivity, that means less costs for the organization. As an organization, the most important thing its adapting a positive posture to the constantly changes that are happening all the time, thats why the organization needs to be flexible too. Of course these aspects together, permit to know a lot of ways to work in the organization, if we know how to include them, and work in a positive way with them, the differences always will allow having new projects in an efficient way and more complete. Accepting all the feedbacks, and correcting them, will bring you the possibility to improve day by day. 3. What are the limitations or challenges that a corporate diversity program faces?   Leadership: It must be well distributed instead of concentrated across the organization. The leaders must be able to create networks. They must to know how to manage diversity , letting people to express themselves and creating a share identity.   Diversity must be part of the organizations as policy and ethic factor, it let them to survive in the future scenes highly diverse.   Recognize all kinds of differences in profile and needs of the people, such as culture, age, sexual orientation, disability, professional competence, personal abilities, leadership styles, communication, etc.. The inclusion of the people because their differences in the organization will generate creativity, innovation and effectiveness. If people is happy in their workplace they will be more productive.   Slater, Stanley F., Weigand, Robert A., Zweilein, Thomas J., 2008. â€Å"The business case for commitment to diversity†. Business Horizons 51: 201-209.   Thomas, David A., 2004. â€Å"Diversity as Strategy†, Harvard Business Review, September 2004, 98-108.   Sylvie, Chevrier. 2003. Cross-cultural management in multinational project groups Journal of World Business 38:141-149.   Class presentation. Managing Diversity. 2010. Posted by MARIA CAMILA at 4:22 PM Understanding Diversity Definition of Diversity The concept of diversity encompasses acceptance and respect. It means understanding that each individual is unique, and recognizing our individual differences. These can be along the dimensions of race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, socio-economic status, age, physical abilities, religious beliefs, political beliefs, or other ideologies. It is the exploration of these differences in a safe, positive, and nurturing environment. It is about understanding each other and moving beyond simple tolerance to embracing and celebrating the rich dimensions of diversity contained within each individual. The rise of multinational companies and increased global diversification by even small companies has resulted in people of diverse backgrounds and cultures working together in the same office or for the same organization. Conflict in such situations is inevitable, but understanding the diversity issues can help companies implement programs designed to keep conflict at a minimum and to take full advantage of the many benefits which such diversity brings to an organization. Key to understanding how diversity is managed in multinational organizations understands the concept of corporate culture (which defines organizations), diversity programs and their use to minimize conflict among employees, and the unique problems that employees working overseas encounter. The behavioral regularities are typified by the language, tasks, jargon and roles which members of the organization use and expect to find within the organization. Just as in a larger societal culture, an organizations culture supports certain language and behaviors from its members. The standards of behavior, or norms, that an organizational culture establishes define behavior newcomers to the organization. For example the Multicultural organizations (or organizations that value diversity) generally reflect the contributions and interests of diverse communities in their mission, operation and services. They enable diverse cultural and social groups to participate fully at all levels of the organization, particularly at the policy level. They act to eradicate all forms of discrimination and oppression and they seek to advance the principles underpinning multiculturalism/diversity at the broader societal level. When into the organizations Celebrating Diversity in the workplace, makes employees feel appreciate for their uniqueness, but acknowledging similarities fosters a more cohesive workplace, forging common bonds amongst colleagues. Most of these connections come from interpersonal interaction. Do you think the entry and integration of new members to the European Union are processes that promote diversity? , or on the contrary,  ¿strive to homogenize the European Society? I agree with the statement that the entry and integration of new members to the European Union are processes that promote diversity, because they reflect the aim to be organized in a way that ensures an interactive, educational and interesting experience for all country members. Europe is a continent proud of its cultural and social diversity, which proceed from different countries or specific regions and at the same time are part of the European cultural heritage. European Union wants to preserve that diversity, promote it and share it with the rest of the world. Those aims are specified in the Maastricht Treaty (1992), where for the first time the cultural dimension of European integration was officially recognized. European Union gives a cultural dimension to many ambits, such as art, literature, politic, education, language, scientific research, information technology and communication and economic development.   TOGGENBURG, Gabriel. EURAC research:Who is Managing Ethnic and Cultural Diversity in the European Condominium? The Moments of Entry, Integration and Preservation.   Millman, Gregory J. Corporate Culture: more myth than reality?. Jul 1, 2007   www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/ndu   www.soi.org/reading/change/culture   www.amssa.org   www.lotsofessays.com/   www.humanresources.about.com/od/organizationalculture Posted by MARIA CAMILA at 2:44 PM Expatriate Assignments Expatriates the type of people who go to another country, hired in most of the cases by transnational companies, in order to work successfully in a international environment. Expatriate employees pertain to employees that are non-citizens of the country in which they are working. Currently, the purpose of international expatriate assignments has evolved along with the changing globalization trends. Expatriate international assignments require that cost effectiveness and appropriateness issues be considered. Since globalization is now the current trend, it is important to be able to manage these international workers strategically and effectively. Increasing globalization of business requires more expatriates but employee costs and family considerations impede the mobility of the employees. personal aspects can include technical qualifications, personality and character factors, family willingness (including dual career and education aspects). Social, economic and political factors contribute to an expatriates feeling of satisfaction and well-being, so location is an important determinant. Many cultures are uncomfortable setting concrete goals and targets, prefering just in time planning and management tactics. The real success factor seems to be not so much in sending them out on assignment but in bringing them back home. One of the causes for expatriate assignment failure and some recommendations could be. An inability on the part of the expatriate family to adjust to the foreign environment is the main determinant of expatriate failure. Given that the reasons for expatriate failure tended to be the same, the role of the home company has increased as a contributor toward expatriate failure. Organizations need to be aware of their role as well as the importance of the spouse and family in managing expatriate assignments effectively. Nowadays exist a high failure rate among expatriates because neither they nor their families are prepared to deal with the level of uncertainty associated with the process. It is important that each organization that wants to succeed with the goals set for expatriates, meets their family details, as this is a fundamental aspect when someone is sent to another place of work, because being far away from family or having to leave several times, does that employees have family problems and can ´t meet the expectations. The selection policies must establish some features to choose the right person who can meet the requirements of the company, without interfering in the family relationship of their employees. Having a larger investment to be able to cover expenses for the expatriate and his family, thus organization gets a better performance from its employees, due to their relationships go well and their motivation can be higher. Participation flexible work being performed, where expatriates can have a chance to be a short period with a certain frequency in their country of origin.   www.themanager.org/Knowledgebase/HR/Expatriates   books.google.com.co   Class presentation. Migrant workers 2010. East Asia Japanese And Korean Korea is currently a front-runner among developing nations, getting closer to the ranks of developed nations. In the process of economic growth, a few dozen big business groups, of chaebols, have emerged. The fifty largest business groups account for as much as 20 percent of Koreas gross domestic product (GDP), and the five largest business groups, such as Hyundai, Samsung, Lucky-Goldstar, Sunkyong, and Daewoo, account for as much as 10 percent of GDP (Korea Development Institute, 1982). Chaebol Korean term for a conglomerate of many companies clustered around one parent company. The companies usually hold shares in each other and are often run by one family. Similar to the keiretsu in Japan. The conglomerates of South Korea, known as chaebol groups, have exerted enormous influence upon that countrys fast-growing economy. The tendency is that the large size chaebol results in larger shares of the family ownership. Keiretsus The zaibatsu were family-owned conglomerate businesses that were promoted by the Meiji government of Japan. The general structure of the keiretsu is an association of companies formed around a bank. They cooperate with each other and own shares of each others stock. The similarities and differences of Japanese and Korean management styles. Most of the similarities are concentrated in the area of cultural traditions in the form of Confucianism, with includes the harmony of interpersonal relationships, the hierarchical structure of the society and organization, the importance of family, the prevalence of authoritarianism, paternalism and personalism, the system of mutual obligation, and the universality of the guanxi network. The differences can be discussed along the lines of organization a structure, management process, and business strategies. To begin with, the nature of ownership varies a great deal among the four systems. In between are de Japanese keiretsus and the Korean chaebols. For the former, family ownership and business management have long been dissociated, while the latter is in the process of giving professional managers more decision-making power, though most families still hold the key posts in the companies. In addition, the ownership of large Japanese companies has become fairly public while the ownership of Korean business groups remains largely private. The also differ each other a great deal in terms of organizational size, ranging from very small CFBs to very large keiretsus, with Korean chaebols and the Chinese CSEs lying in between. Except for the keiretsus, the other three are highly centralized, with small CFBs probably having the highest degree of centralization. In Korea, the family inheritance is strictly based on the blood relationship, with the eldest son given the priority. Government ´s intervention: Credit; foreign exchange rationing; export growth:benefits .Favorate firms grew faster and diversified better. In Japan, however, the concept of is applied to family inheritance, and its primary purpose is to maintain the wealth of the family under the leadership of a capable person rather than to bequeath the wealth only to the blood-related family. Not all companies are alike. Market share-growth strategy. Value maximization.Participation of workers and middle management-building group loyalty. Right kind of customers information exchange.Flexible manufacturing connecting product design and production. Corporate values- to carry organization through a change.   Lee, Jangho, Thomas W. Roehl, Soonkyoo Choe. 2000. What Makes Management Style Similar and Distinct Across Borders? Growth, Experience and Culture in Korean and Japanese Firms   Class presentation. Korea. 2010 China The economy of China is the third largest in the world, after the United States and Japan. China is the fastest-growing major economy in the world, and has had the fastest growing major economy for the past 30 years. China, economically extremely backward before 1949, has again become one of the worlds major economic powers with the greatest potential. In the 22 years following reform and opening-up in 1979 in particular, Chinas economy developed at an unprecedented rate, and that momentum has been held steady into the 21st century. In 2004, China further strengthened and improved its macro control, and the economy entered its best ever development period of recent years. So far, Chinas remarkable economic growth has come mostly from its trade and export dominance. A combination of low wages, specialized regional networks and product exporters has enabled China to become the global economys low-cost supplier. To achieve high performance, Chinese companies need to identify where their competitive advantages will lie in a global marketplace and build the necessary skills to capitalize on these opportunities. The relevance of Guanxi and the existence of Chinese business networks as supporting factors to the internationalization process of Chinese companies. Guanxi is a second currency and constitutes a key or a secret to corporate success in China and It is a Chinese word which is also recognized in Japan and Korea. Thus, together, Guanxi can be translated as relationships and connections. Thus, Guanxi is a social dimension, and a human factor. A large number of researches on doing

Prospero in William Shakespeares The Tempest Essay -- Shakespeare T

Prospero in William Shakespeare's "The Tempest" Prospero has long been read as one of Shakespeare’s most cherished and provocative protagonists. His timeless role in â€Å"The Tempest† has provided readers and critics with insights into many attributes of Shakespeare as a man, his works, and the political views that are personified in his play. The historical context of â€Å"The Tempest† is one that convincingly conveys the political views of the English people of his time, relating to the colonization of the New World, the expansion of British powers, and the domination of the indigenous peoples that was necessary for the British to thrive in the Americas. Of course, many people from the 1600’s would argue that domination of these natives would have been completely justified, from this view, Prospero conversely did nothing truly evil in taking rule of the Island from Caliban. However, a modern critic reading or watching a performance of â€Å"The Tempest† may find that Prospero is not very dif ferent from Antonio when standing the play and the colonial era next to each other. The reader will see through basic observation that these two men have more in common than they do in disparity, and more so that he closely resembles the attitude of European colonists settling in the New World. Prospero is simply a ruler, bent for power, and to him, the end justifies the means. The only true difference between Prospero and Antonio may be that that Prospero is not quite as willing to kill as Antonio is, and that he may not be addicted to gaining power and fratricide as Antonio may be. Prospero is capable of forgiveness, as seen in the end of the play. He does not of course carry all the attributes of an evil villain. If Shakespeare wrote an evil p... ...true difference between himself and Antonio. It reinforces the benevolence that is one of Prospero’s characteristics, and also conveys the kindness and grace set upon the native peoples of the English colonies by it’s European rulers: that since they are ignorant and need constant guidance, they are worth forgiving. Works Cited: Brown, Paul/Deborah Willis. William Shakespeare, The Tempest: A Case Study in Critical Controversy. Bedford/St. Martin’s, Boston-New York 2000 Hunter, Heidi. Colonial Women: Race and Culture in Stuart Drama. Oxford University Press. New York, New York. 2001 Merrell, James H. Into the American Woods. W&W Norton and Co. Inc. New York, New York. 1999 Shakespeare, William. The Tempest Washington Square Press. New York, New York. Folger Shakespeare Library edition. 1994

Const. law

Kenya has developed a raft of enter terrorism measures which in the past were encapsulated in different legislation such as the penal code (cap. 63). The measures range from legislative and institutional measures which spawns the domestic, regional and international levels. Despite the presence of these measures, the threat of terror persists. Key to all civil liberties is to point out our human rights which are not Just for law-abiding citizens and the best among the Hawaiian but also for the worst among us, including those convicted of heinous crimes or those on trial for horrendous acts of terrorism.The paper seeks to enlighten on that there is delicate balance that is depicted when enacting and enforcing a legislation which may have a great impact on the civil liberties on a people and how this delicate balance may be achieved. My view is that the law will often tend to overlap with the civil liberties of the individual in the society whether the perpetrator or not, the strategy that should be employed is to what extent to these civil liberties have to be limited and which of these civil liberties that can be limited.These acts of terror thrive in the freedom of democracies: the redeem of association, expression and movement enjoyed in a liberal democracy are conducive to the planning and execution of acts of gross violence, designed to destabilize or destroy State structures, and to advance particular ideological ends. A delicate balance may be less in evidence than fervor for erosion of civil liberties in response to perceived crises. In the past years, unlawful detention was rampant mostly affecting Somali refugees who were detained in Kenya without any charger .The recent piece of legislations has wrought up complains mostly from the Muslims ND the human rights activist who have given arguments depicting deprivation of fundamental freedoms and violation of the constitution. Some of these civil liberties that are affected are privacy, expression, media, security, conscience, religion, belief, opinion, ownership and access to property. The Act seeks to give reasons why these liberties are restricted but the question arises as to the actual implementation: that the law enforcers will not in any way be biased.

Writing a Psychology Research Paper A Complete Guide

Writing a Psychology Research Paper A Complete Guide A research paper is a scholarly work containing original research or documenting a new invention that is usually supposed to be published in an academic journal and be subjected to peer review. It is the most widespread form in which scientists and researchers show the results of their work to the academic world. If you intend to pursue a career in academia, you have to start learning the specifics of this type of work as early as possible. In this psychology research paper writing guide, you will find a step-by-step instructions you can use to make writing your first research paper much easier. Before Writing a Psychology Research Paper Topic The goal of writing a research paper is to demonstrate your ability to do original, unsupervised research: gather and analyze information, make conclusions and support your point of view with viable evidence. As a result, students are normally free to choose any topic within the scope of their course (although it is still necessary to discuss it with your tutor). A topic you are comfortable with is a foundation of every good paper, so don’t take this step lightly. Here are some suggestions that can help you make a choice you won’t regret: Start with topics that are personally interesting to you, especially if you know something about them that is beyond the basic psychology course you take. Review the literature on a topic that catches your interest before you commit to writing on it – thus you will know exactly how many sources you will have available. Look for a topic that is simultaneously sufficiently well-researched (to have enough sources to build upon) and leaves enough space for you to work in (so as to avoid unintentional plagiarism if you happen to write something that was covered in a source you’ve missed). Discuss your choice with your tutor. He may suggest some changes or ask you to look for another topic. In the end, your topic should be sufficiently narrow to do in-depth research, e.g.: The Influence of Narcissistic Mother on Children’s Mental Health; Emotional Effects of Solitary Confinement; The Psychology behind Long-Lasting Marriages; Birth Order Effects on Personality Traits and Achievement; Main Causes of Teenage Suicide; Effects of Overcrowding on Psychological Health; Connection between Physical Illness and Stress. Thesis Statement Explained by Our Experts Thesis statement is the main point of your research paper boiled down to one sentence. It is important to differentiate between the topic, the research question and the thesis statement. Topic is a general area of research, e.g., â€Å"Bipolar Disorder†; Research question is a question your research paper intends to answer, e.g., â€Å"Is there a correlation between bipolar disorder and creativity?†; Thesis statement is the answer to that question, e.g., â€Å"Treatment of bipolar disorder often negatively affects the patient’s creativity†. Thesis statement should be located at the very beginning of the paper (first or second paragraph), with the body paragraphs providing evidence to support this claim. Don’t make it vague – the reader should immediately understand what you want to prove and what the main point of your paper is. Word your thesis statement precisely and make it narrow enough in scope to allow yourself to thoroughly investigate the topic. Work with Sources Although a research paper should contain original research and your own findings, no work in psychology exists in isolation from the existing body of research on the subject. You will have to work with many sources of information to prove the credibility of your work and your knowledge of the topic. The majority of sources you use should come from peer-reviewed psychology journals, although other publications (books, web resources, mass media etc.) are acceptable as well. Just make sure to differentiate between low- and high-value sources and put emphasis on the latter. If you are unfamiliar with the subject matter of your paper, finding viable sources may be difficult. Here are some suggestions where to start: Look through the bibliography of the relevant section in your psychology textbook. The books and their authors mentioned there will be a good start; Run a search in multidisciplinary and discipline-specific online databases. PsycInfo and PubMed contain the fullest information on most psychology publications. You may also find PubPsych useful, although it is mainly Europocentric and has many sources in German, Spanish and French. Academic Search and Google Scholar are the most prominent multidisciplinary examples; By that time you will already have a good idea of who are the most prominent specialists on your chosen subject, so check databases and libraries for their other books and articles; Look through bibliography sections of the sources you’ve already located. Most of your information should come from empirical reports from psychology journals. Rely on secondary sources of data (e.g., chapters and books) only if you cannot locate the original source. Take notice of how many times an article has been cited so far (most scholarly databases provide this information) – usually the more times it was cited, the more important it is considered to be in the field. However, this factor isn’t absolute – if an article is recent, it simply didn’t have enough time to be extensively cited. Outline Outline is a plan or a blueprint of your research paper that helps you organize your thoughts and make sure each paragraph serves a specific purpose and is logically connected to the rest of the paper. Depending on the structure of your paper, it may be different, but usually it runs along the following lines: Introduction Hook (a sentence aimed at attracting the reader’s attention); Thesis statement; Background information. Body Paragraphs Major Point #1 with supporting evidence; Major Point #2 with supporting evidence; Major Point #3 with supporting evidence; Etc. Conclusion Restatement of the thesis; Suggestions for the following research. If you mark what you intend to mention in each part of your section before you start writing it, you will see if there are repetitive ideas that can be merged or eliminated, if some parts don’t logically flow into one another, if some sections are redundant and have to be removed. An outline can be formal and informal. An informal or working outline is your personal plan that helps you arrange your thoughts. However, sometimes you are asked to submit a formal outline along with your paper. In this case, you should follow one of several accepted formats to organize your ideas (e.g., an alphanumerical system that uses numerals and letters for formatting). Psychology Research Paper Writing Stages General Principles of Writing a Psychology Paper No good paper is ever written in a single draft. Be prepared to not just revise your work, but to cut huge swathes of it, rewrite whole sections and even the entire paper from scratch. Treat your opposition fairly. Your goal is to show the value of your viewpoint in fair and equal comparison with alternative theories. If you go out of your way to disprove other points of view using unimportant flaws in their methodology to discredit them and fail to treat evidence that supports your point in the same way, you are likely to achieve the effect opposite to intended. Don’t use slang, colloquialisms and jargon. Your language should be precise and scientific. Keep most of your sentences relatively short. Professionals suggest that average sentence length should be around 20-25 words, but you shouldn’t try to make all sentences the same length. Your writing should be a mix of short, medium and relatively long sentences to create a balanced feel. Use no more than one idea/point per paragraph. If you find that a paragraph keeps going and going, check if it contains more than one idea. Don’t use passive voice unless it is necessary. You may think that passive voice makes your writing sound more serious and scientific; in reality it makes it heavy-handed and hard to understand. In most cases there is no need to use passive voice, so don’t (â€Å"Jackson found a correlation between these two factors† rather than â€Å"A correlation has been found between these two factors†). Check your pronouns. It should always be possible to see what each pronoun refers to. If it isn’t, replace it with a noun or a noun phrase. You are writing a research paper, not a novel, so don’t be afraid of tautology. Your primary concern is information transfer; if you repeat the same word multiple time to avoid confusion, so be it. The same goes about using synonyms. Trying to diversify your writing by referring to one and the same concept using multiple words will confuse the readers. If, for example, you talk about children, use the same word throughout your paper, don’t replace it with â€Å"kids† or â€Å"youngsters†. Use past or present perfect tenses when describing specific events and research that happened in the past. Present simple should be limited to talking about currently held theories and generalized statements. E.g., use â€Å"Barnes reviewed this case in his 1985 study† rather than â€Å"Barnes reviews this case in his 1985 study†. Don’t use first person. Keep your writing impersonal and objective, even if you talk about personal experiences (which, as a rule, you shouldn’t). Psychology doesn’t accept personal anecdotal reports as evidence. Don’t use footnotes and endnotes. This point is referred to in APA style guide, but it is important enough to be mentioned individually. Footnotes interrupt the flow of text and disrupt the process of reading. Any external information you deem important enough to be mentioned should be placed into the body of the text. If it isn’t essential, better not mention it at all. Avoid direct quotations. Psychologists prefer not to quote sources word for word, instead extracting the essence of the quotation and expressing it in your own words. It is different from paraphrasing: you don’t simply rearrange the words of the original quote to use them without quotation marks but distill their meaning. E.g., don’t write â€Å"Chadston (1996) has said about depression that â€Å"it’s influence on society isn’t limited to financial costs and interpersonal relations†Ã¢â‚¬  but â€Å"According to Chadston (1996), depression has enormous impact beyond economical and social implications†. Only cite the works you’ve actually read. This means that if you encounter a quotation from another source in one of your primary sources you shouldn’t quote it as if you’ve read this source directly. When you refer to it, you should add â€Å"as cited in†. Quoting secondary sources as primary ones is very bad form in psychology writing, and even when using them properly you shouldn’t rely on them too much. After Writing Referencing and Formatting Psychology research papers are written using the APA (American Psychology Association) format that covers everything from the use of bias-free language to the way of organizing references and bibliographies. You can find all the necessary information about these aspects in an official style guide, on the APA website or on numerous other online resources dedicated to it. It doesn’t make sense to try and repeat some of the style rules here – the list will by definition will be incomplete. If you ever have any questions concerning it, consult one of the official resources – there you will find information about all the possible situations organized in meticulous detail. Revisions Revision shouldn’t come as an afterthought – it is just as important a part of working on a research paper. Some students decide to revise their papers if they have time before submitting it. Don’t repeat this mistake – a couple of hours spend revising a paper can mean the difference between a failing and a passing grade. Here is how you can improve the quality of your revision: Take the time necessary for revision into account beforehand. Try to finish the paper a few days before the deadline to give yourself plenty of time; Set the paper aside for a while (ideally for at least 48 hours). When you reread it afterwards you will notice numerous opportunities of improvement that weren’t obvious immediately after you finished writing; Have a friend or a trustworthy classmate read it and ask for his opinion. Tell him to pay the most attention not to the beauty of your writing style but to how clear the paper is. If your friend finds a paper or some section of it lacking in clarity, don’t argue or try to explain things. If the reader cannot understand something, it is your fault by definition, and you need to set things right; Cut without regrets. The most beneficial thing you can do for your paper is to remove what is unnecessary. Reread the entire paper one more time slowly and thinking about every word. The rule of the thumb is simple: if a word, phrase, paragraph or even section isn’t absolutely necessary to move the point of your research paper forward, get rid of it; Don’t get attached to anything. All writers sometimes produce a phrase, expression or paragraph they are particularly proud of. When time for revision comes, you may be tempted to save this gem no matter what, reorganizing things around it and gradually losing sight of your initial purpose. A good writer, however, should be ready to edit out anything. In the end, the only way to get good at writing psychology research is to practice doing it. These psychology research paper writing tips, however, can give you enough basic knowledge to prepare your first work.

Preparing for a layoff 7 steps you need to take

Preparing for a layoff 7 steps you need to take Sometimes you see the warning signs coming- you got a bad performance review, or your coworkers are being laid off left and right. Whether it’s the business itself showing signs of budget cuts or just a gut feeling you have, if you’re worried that a layoff is coming your way, now is a smart time to get financially prepared for when you need a cushion to fall back on. 7 steps to preparing yourself for a job lossSpend time job-browsing each weekKnowing what companies are hiring and what opportunities are available now can help you later on down the road. It takes about three to six months to find a new job after a layoff, but if you start researching your next best job now, you can get closer to the three-month mark or even beat it.The better prepared you are for finding your next job, the better your financial situation will be. Keeping an eye out for openings of a company you’d love to work for will help you get in the right routine before the pressure is on. Eve n searching potential part-time opportunities to help keep you afloat as you find a full-time position could be an excellent option. And if your company has any networking events, take advantage! Get started on making a connection now so you don’t have to worry later.Budget nowFor some, it’s enough to make ends meet with steady employment. If you don’t like spreadsheets or math, or spending time on your budget, get over that quick. Being aware of how you spend your money can be eye-opening, and simple changes can help you stretch your dollars.  Analyzing your spending habits and challenging yourself to spend less- whether it’s eating out less or making your own coffee at home rather than buying on the way to work- can help you prepare for a job loss so you are aware of the amount you need to cover the essentials.Start an emergency fund (if you don’t already have one)Your finances should be more than a matter of simply paying your bills on time- u ltimately, you want to be able to save for the future. But not everyone is in that position yet. Even if you live paycheck to paycheck, try to pay into an emergency fund a little each week, like it’s a bill you owe to your future self. Future you, suddenly caught without a functioning hot water heater, will thank you.Get what benefits you can nowDoes your current job offer dental coverage? Go see the dentist now before you’re hit with a layoff. Same goes with your primary physician. Get a routine physical done before you potentially lose those benefits. Many jobs also offer career advancement opportunities, or other perks like a Health Savings Account or 401K matching. Figure out how you can get the most out of these opportunities now. If your company offers severance pay, calculate that into your budget to see if it will be enough to keep you afloat for several months.Build a new revenue streamAssess your skills, and explore opportunities for side gigs. Some ideas are freelancing, being an Uber driver, or bartending, but there are many ways to make extra cash each week beyond your current job- even if you simply want to sell stuff you no longer need on eBay. Finding small ways to earn extra cash will help you save more, and if you do get laid off, you will have another source of revenue to fall back on- and another opportunity to build upon.Target your debtBeing in debt means you’re paying more for something than you should because you’re paying interest over time. Many people have crushing student loan debt, credit card debt, or mortgage payments to make each month that can be hard to tackle when you’re laid off. There are temporary fixes, like deferments for student loans or transferring credit card debt to zero interest cards, but ultimately you need to make a plan to pay it off. Even consider looking at refinancing or discussing potential payment reduction plans with lenders- because the longer you delay actually paying, the more you end up owing over time.Research unemployment benefitsUnemployment benefits will differ by state and by job and can be difficult to navigate, especially while you feel the emotional and financial effects of job loss. Learning the rules a little before you’re hit with a layoff can help you prepare. Even simply figuring out what amount of money you’ll receive can help you target the budget you’ll need to stick to as you search for your next job opportunity.

Free Essays on Vision, Language, And Experience

Vision, Language, and Experience Throughout Shelley’s Frankenstein there is constant tension between the visual and verbal. At one moment the reader can sympathize with the creature and at another the reader can relate with Victor’s anger. The visual portrayal of the creature does have an effect, but not nearly as much as the language. The sympathy changes throughout the volumes particularly do to the narratives of the characters. When Victor speaks it seems believable that the creature is a horrible thing, but when the creature speaks the perspective completely changes. But, there is still a problem because a conclusion cannot be addressed. Though language has an overwhelming effect, there is still a huge communication barrier between the characters in the novel and the reader’s understanding of them. Through this barrier, Shelley conveys a powerful message: people can only truly understand each other when put through the same experience. In the novel, Victor and Walton are the only two characters that really connect and it is because they share somewhat of the same experience. Both of them are excessively ambitious and both attempt, as Victor is successful, to defy the limitations of man. Walton writes in his letter to his sister: â€Å"I have no friend Margaret: there will be none to participate my joy† (8). Walton truly desires a friend for companionship and company. He desires a being that can understand him and see his greatness. He finds some of these qualities in Victor. Though Frankenstein is not his ideal friend, he completes Walton by advising him in the right direction. Walton reciprocates this in Victor as well. Walton is the only human to hear his story, which, in a deeper sense, means that he allows Victor to live on. Victor says, â€Å"But when you speak of new ties, and fresh affections, think you that any can replace those who are gone?† (180). Here Victor tells Walton that it is not conceivabl... Free Essays on Vision, Language, And Experience Free Essays on Vision, Language, And Experience Vision, Language, and Experience Throughout Shelley’s Frankenstein there is constant tension between the visual and verbal. At one moment the reader can sympathize with the creature and at another the reader can relate with Victor’s anger. The visual portrayal of the creature does have an effect, but not nearly as much as the language. The sympathy changes throughout the volumes particularly do to the narratives of the characters. When Victor speaks it seems believable that the creature is a horrible thing, but when the creature speaks the perspective completely changes. But, there is still a problem because a conclusion cannot be addressed. Though language has an overwhelming effect, there is still a huge communication barrier between the characters in the novel and the reader’s understanding of them. Through this barrier, Shelley conveys a powerful message: people can only truly understand each other when put through the same experience. In the novel, Victor and Walton are the only two characters that really connect and it is because they share somewhat of the same experience. Both of them are excessively ambitious and both attempt, as Victor is successful, to defy the limitations of man. Walton writes in his letter to his sister: â€Å"I have no friend Margaret: there will be none to participate my joy† (8). Walton truly desires a friend for companionship and company. He desires a being that can understand him and see his greatness. He finds some of these qualities in Victor. Though Frankenstein is not his ideal friend, he completes Walton by advising him in the right direction. Walton reciprocates this in Victor as well. Walton is the only human to hear his story, which, in a deeper sense, means that he allows Victor to live on. Victor says, â€Å"But when you speak of new ties, and fresh affections, think you that any can replace those who are gone?† (180). Here Victor tells Walton that it is not conceivabl...

Buisness Ethics Case Write Up Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Buisness Ethics Case Write Up - Essay Example Making such a decision, however, wasn’t easy because the decision would have far-reaching consequences on both the Solidarity Fund and the Gildan Company. This paper discusses and analysis the ethical dilemma that the Solidarity Fund pension scheme, a large pension fund operated by the Quebec federation of labour (QFL), finds itself in following gross misconduct by one of the Companies that the Solidarity fund had heavily invested in. In this case, Gildan Activewear, a Company in which Solidarity fund had heavily invested in was accused of an array of business misconduct ranging from overworking and underpaying workers, excessively high production quotas, and unconducive working environments. Due to the fact the Solidarity Fund had heavily invested in Gildan Activewear and, also, given the fact that the Gildan Activewear investment was the most lucrative investment for the Solidarity Fund, the management of the Solidarity found themselves in a real dilemma in deciding the best course of action to take in response to the Gildan Activewear’s unethical business misconduct. The Solidarity Fund was founded in 1983 by the Quebec federation of labour with the aim of investing its members’ savings in the local Companies. The Solidarity Fund Pension scheme had two core goals. The first goal of the Solidarity Fund was to democratize access to professionally managed retirements accounts, and the second goal was to support jobs creation and growth in Quebec, either through investment in long term and medium sized local companies or by investing in outside companies whose activities were beneficial to the Quebec province.In selecting investment partners, the Solidarity Fund used nonfinancial criteria; the Solidarity Fund sought to invest with the Companies that had conducive working conditions, positive relations with local communities, and commitment to environmental responsibility. Before investing in a Company, therefore, the

Tootsie Roll Industries Inc. Loan Package Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Tootsie Roll Industries Inc. Loan Package - Essay Example Tootsie Roll Industries has a great pool of working capitol. In many cases companies can borrow money cheaper than spending their working capitol. As an example if the 10% increase in liabilities for Tootsie Rolls Industries costs them less in interest than the money will generate in revenue, then the investment is well worth the increase. On the other hand, if the increase in revenue generated is projected to be less than the 10% increase in liabilities than Tootsie Roll Industries would be better served looking for other funding sources. The following proposal justifies the loan for expansion inside our Tootsie Roll Industries and increase total liabilities by 10%. We are expanding our current Tootsie Roll candies by creating a â€Å"mini† Tootsie Roll with a dark chocolate center. Product studies show that this new product is very popular among test sites. By re-directing a portion of our high volume sales to major distributors whose sales have remained on par or below average per quarter since 2010, we can increase total revenue and re-branding of our Tootsie Roll products. The candy industry market is saturated and very competitive. Large end competitors produce high volume candies and distribute to wholesale distributors for average profit. Our goal is to target the customers who also purchase the wildly popular Tootsie Roll product by adding a new dimension and re-energizing our existing customer base and introducing new customers with this product line. The loan provides the additional revenue required to produce the new product at low costs and distributed to targeted distributors for sale. By creating a new product and re-energizing our existing customer base, we will grow our brand while delivering high quality candies. The change in strategy increases revenue, generates more tax dollars, and expands the Tootsie Roll brand into the next century. As noted the loan will be implemented for

What economic advantages did the Europeans gain from their conquests Essay

What economic advantages did the Europeans gain from their conquests in the new world - Essay Example The 19th century can be attributed to the big boost in regards to the economic power experienced by the countries within Europe. This is the time that colonization was taking effect. It is during this time that countries such as Britain, Germany, Italy as well as France emerged as powers entailing industrialization and as such, due to this industrialization, the population in respective countries became high and production rose. During this colonialism era, social Darwinism was becoming increasingly popular and as such, it was natural that these four economic super powers were engaging themselves in fierce competition towards survival. The driving force that led to colonization by these countries was to strengthen themselves in an effort towards securing a competitive edge in regard to the underlying competition between them (Milios 2004). The main reason behind colonialism, regardless of the country colonizing, was to exploit their subjects as well as the individuals who were residing within the boundaries of the colonies in an effort towards generation of the colonizer’s wealth in regards to the economy for the colony as well as the corporations of that colony. The push for generation of the economic power is what led to the presence of slavery, particularly in Africa. People within the colonies being colonized became subjected to coerced labor, that is, slavery or a system of labor characterized by indent. Most of the areas, which were being considered vast in regard to the natural habitats, became cleared and as such, they were being transformed into monoculture plantations (Milios 2004). Therefore, this paper will put a focus on the colonialism endeavors in regard to the European countries during their conquest of the new world and thereby establish what economic gain that these countries actually achieved out of this conquest. In addition to this, the paper will also access the driving force that led to the European countries

Drilling fluid Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Drilling fluid - Essay Example The mud also provides hydrostatic pressure to balance the formation pressure resulting from the formation fluids in the borehole that if uncontrolled might lead to blowout. The mud is also used in transmitting hydraulic horsepower from the surface to the drilling bit and power the measurement and logging while drilling tools. The choice of drilling mud is determined by the drilling operation to be done, and its properties should be such that it prevents back pressure and blow outs within the minimum costs as possible. (Committee, 2004, pp. 15-19) Drilling fluids are classified into three major types like water, oil, and pneumatic based fluids. The three major types are further classified depending on the purpose, chemicals added fluid phases, alkalinity and dispersion. Water based muds have four phases which include water, Active colloidal solids, Inert solids and Chemicals. The water phase or continuous provides the initial viscosity which is modified to achieve the required flow properties. The water phase also suspends the active colloidal solids and the inert solids. A sample of colloidal solid present is the Bentotite, and that of an inert solid is the Berite. Bentonite, which is a clay provides just sufficient viscosity for carrying the fragments to the surface. Baruim Sulfate increases the weight of the column for borehole stabilization. Caustic soda and other ingredients are added to increase the alkalinity and reduce corrosion. Salts such as Potassium chloride are also added to prevent water from infiltrating the rock formation. Clay is added to water based fluids to increase their density, yield point, gel strength, viscosity and to minimize fluid loss. The clays added are classified as Montmorillonites or bentonite, Kaolinites, and Illi tes. The chemicals are also added to improve the flow properties and are listed as Thinners, Dispersants and Deflocculants. (Caenn, 2011, pp. 538-542) Based on the dispersion, water

Economic Development More Important Than Democracy in Promoting a Essay

Economic Development More Important Than Democracy in Promoting a Welfare State - Essay Example Essentially, this paper provides various definitions of the â€Å"welfare state condition,† attempts to juxtapose the democratic view with the perspective that favors economic development, and presents a plausible explanation why economic development is more important than democracy. Also, this paper will enumerate several practices that contribute to economic development, thereby, increasing the chances of attaining a welfare state. Definition of Welfare State Over the years, there has been no strict and general definition of the welfare state. Some relate the term to power and industrialisation while others try to refer it as one of the capitalist contradictions. A classic definition of the term is the state’s â€Å"responsibility for securing some basic modicum of welfare for its citizens† (Pierson & Castles, 2006, p.160). Apart from this definition, Asa Briggs (as cited in Flora & Heidenheimer, 2009, p.29) also defined the welfare state as the condition chara cterised by an organised power that uses politics and administration to change the direction of market forces. This can be done in three ways: (1) through ensuring that individuals and families could receive a minimum income regardless of their properties’ market value, (2) by assisting families and individuals meet their social needs, thereby, reducing their sense of insecurity, and (3) ensuring that all citizens, regardless of social class and status, are given the highest standards of social services (as cited in Flora & Heidenheimer, 2009, p.29). The Democracy View vs. Economic Development After the in-depth discussion of the term welfare state, it is worthwhile to present the split views of paternalism and the democracy. Paternalism connotes economic development while democratic views favor a free market model. Throughout the years, there has been an existing clash between paternalism model followed in the 18th century and the emerging free market model that was especial ly advocated by Adam Smith. As a result, there were several insights generated to support its stand as well as to oppose each other’s perspectives. Paternalism, as defined by Abercrombie and Hill (as cited in Varano, 1999, p.26), is an economic institution that organises the productive unit and regulates the relationships between the owners of the means of production and their respective subordinates. Moreover, it is composed of different access to power and resources and an unequal distribution of goods and services. Oftentimes, paternalism emphasises elite control and privilege towards the subordinates. It also attempts to lessen the worst effects of industrial capitalism through combining traditional and community norms. Contrary to this view, some sociologists and economists alike such as Richard Sennett (as cited in Varano, 1999, p.27), contend that paternalism was intended to mask the hidden interest of the industrialists to enforce high level of production. He continue s by citing that paternalism only connotes elite oversight and community welfare instead of advancing the morale of the workers (Varano, 1999, p.27). The free-market model also extremely contradicts to the paternalistic model since the latter was based on some statute laws, common laws, and customs while the former allows the exploration of the

E-business strategy and design exercise Assignment

E-business strategy and design exercise - Assignment Example The value proposition of the company has also been explained in this section. In the second section, few of the areas where improvement need of Amazon have been identified were assessed and correspondingly, suggestive measures have been recommended on the basis of the evaluations made in section 1. In the third and final section of the paper, the e-business strategies of Amazon along with its management issues have been explained. Introduction E-business has emerged as one of the pivotal concerns for every contemporary business that strives to mark its presence in the global realm and obtain competitive success over its long-run performance. In the present market scenario, most of the global companies have realized that with the adoption of the e-business strategy, they can develop their business model in a manner that satisfies the varying needs and diversified concerns of international business partners as well as customers. If the meaning of e-business is to be termed in general s ense, it can be justifiably described as the use of internet or the virtual space in the operational activities of the business to gain a leading position within the targeted market (Turban et al., 2010). When focusing on this subject matter, Amazon.com Inc has often been regarded as an example of best practices in its industry whereby its e-business model has been quite beneficial and productive in adding value to its services among its customers (Damani & Damani, 2007). Amazon, an American multinational, is one of the renowned and largest global e-commerce retailing companies. Amazon has been a pioneer in the application of e-commerce business model that runs its functions through virtual space entirely. It is not only involved in the selling of books and other products, but also renders due significance on gathering the valuable suggestions from the buyers so as to define its customer satisfaction and industrial leadership competencies. It records various movements of its buyers such as the number of visitors who visit its site and how much time do they spend on it while purchasing from a particular category of its product line. All these movements of the buyers are utilised by the company in order to analyse the buying behaviour of consumers in various targeted markets to identify its developmental needs along with its growth potentials. Through the advanced technologies of the e-business, Amazon has been successful in introducing the one stop shopping trend successfully (McGraw-Hill Education, 2013). Section 1 Effective technological tools Amazon has been operating with a mission and a vision to serve its customers as per their conveniences and in a productive manner for the company. Undoubtedly, in doing so, the company has to witness pressures from various international business forces that can be comprehensively addressed through the application of a PESTEL analysis framework. Political. From a critical point of view, it can be observed that because th e e-retail industry is yet in its developing phase within the global context, governmental interventions and political limitations bestowed on the industry as well as faced by Amazon correspondingly, is less. Subsequently, the international sale procedure of Amazon involves various risks mainly in terms of the requirement for import and export licensing that

Drilling fluid Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Drilling fluid - Essay Example The mud also provides hydrostatic pressure to balance the formation pressure resulting from the formation fluids in the borehole that if uncontrolled might lead to blowout. The mud is also used in transmitting hydraulic horsepower from the surface to the drilling bit and power the measurement and logging while drilling tools. The choice of drilling mud is determined by the drilling operation to be done, and its properties should be such that it prevents back pressure and blow outs within the minimum costs as possible. (Committee, 2004, pp. 15-19) Drilling fluids are classified into three major types like water, oil, and pneumatic based fluids. The three major types are further classified depending on the purpose, chemicals added fluid phases, alkalinity and dispersion. Water based muds have four phases which include water, Active colloidal solids, Inert solids and Chemicals. The water phase or continuous provides the initial viscosity which is modified to achieve the required flow properties. The water phase also suspends the active colloidal solids and the inert solids. A sample of colloidal solid present is the Bentotite, and that of an inert solid is the Berite. Bentonite, which is a clay provides just sufficient viscosity for carrying the fragments to the surface. Baruim Sulfate increases the weight of the column for borehole stabilization. Caustic soda and other ingredients are added to increase the alkalinity and reduce corrosion. Salts such as Potassium chloride are also added to prevent water from infiltrating the rock formation. Clay is added to water based fluids to increase their density, yield point, gel strength, viscosity and to minimize fluid loss. The clays added are classified as Montmorillonites or bentonite, Kaolinites, and Illi tes. The chemicals are also added to improve the flow properties and are listed as Thinners, Dispersants and Deflocculants. (Caenn, 2011, pp. 538-542) Based on the dispersion, water

E-business strategy and design exercise Assignment

E-business strategy and design exercise - Assignment Example The value proposition of the company has also been explained in this section. In the second section, few of the areas where improvement need of Amazon have been identified were assessed and correspondingly, suggestive measures have been recommended on the basis of the evaluations made in section 1. In the third and final section of the paper, the e-business strategies of Amazon along with its management issues have been explained. Introduction E-business has emerged as one of the pivotal concerns for every contemporary business that strives to mark its presence in the global realm and obtain competitive success over its long-run performance. In the present market scenario, most of the global companies have realized that with the adoption of the e-business strategy, they can develop their business model in a manner that satisfies the varying needs and diversified concerns of international business partners as well as customers. If the meaning of e-business is to be termed in general s ense, it can be justifiably described as the use of internet or the virtual space in the operational activities of the business to gain a leading position within the targeted market (Turban et al., 2010). When focusing on this subject matter, Amazon.com Inc has often been regarded as an example of best practices in its industry whereby its e-business model has been quite beneficial and productive in adding value to its services among its customers (Damani & Damani, 2007). Amazon, an American multinational, is one of the renowned and largest global e-commerce retailing companies. Amazon has been a pioneer in the application of e-commerce business model that runs its functions through virtual space entirely. It is not only involved in the selling of books and other products, but also renders due significance on gathering the valuable suggestions from the buyers so as to define its customer satisfaction and industrial leadership competencies. It records various movements of its buyers such as the number of visitors who visit its site and how much time do they spend on it while purchasing from a particular category of its product line. All these movements of the buyers are utilised by the company in order to analyse the buying behaviour of consumers in various targeted markets to identify its developmental needs along with its growth potentials. Through the advanced technologies of the e-business, Amazon has been successful in introducing the one stop shopping trend successfully (McGraw-Hill Education, 2013). Section 1 Effective technological tools Amazon has been operating with a mission and a vision to serve its customers as per their conveniences and in a productive manner for the company. Undoubtedly, in doing so, the company has to witness pressures from various international business forces that can be comprehensively addressed through the application of a PESTEL analysis framework. Political. From a critical point of view, it can be observed that because th e e-retail industry is yet in its developing phase within the global context, governmental interventions and political limitations bestowed on the industry as well as faced by Amazon correspondingly, is less. Subsequently, the international sale procedure of Amazon involves various risks mainly in terms of the requirement for import and export licensing that

Investigate the following hypothesises Essay Example for Free

Investigate the following hypothesises Essay Drop (d) in cm Frequency Cumulative Frequency 5 will now put the results from the cumulative frequency table into a cumulative frequency curve for males and females. From both cumulative frequency curves I can take an approximate median and inter-quartile range for both females and males. It tells me that the females have a smaller and lower inter-quartile range, of 4 (16 12=4) than the males whom have a wider and higher one of 7 (19 12= 7). This suggests that the male results in general were more varied than those of the females. It also suggests that the approximate median average for females was 14. Whereas the approximate median for males is 15. 5, which implies that the females have a lower reaction time on median average than males. However, there is only a slight difference. To show the inter-quartile ranges and the median more clearly I have put the information from the cumulative frequency graph into a box plot for each of males and females. These box plots define the varied results of the males and the closeness between the females results. I will now use histograms to show the continuous grouped data. . Drop (d) in cm Frequency width Frequency Frequency Density 5The standard deviation measures the spread of the data about the mean value. It can allow me to compare males and females, which may have the same mean but a different range. Gender Mean average Step 1From the results of the standard deviation I can distinguish that the distribution round the mean average of the female and male frequency was very low. The standard deviation suggests that the females results are generally more spread out round the mean rather than the males whom are not so spread out. This means that males generally have similar reaction times rather than females whom the results imply to have more varied results. Conclusion: From the data I collected I have found that males appear to have better reaction times than females, which seems to be linked closely to them having lower pulse rates. This suggests both my hypotheses to be correct and closely linked to one another. Although, on median average females have been implied to have a lower reaction time. However, the male and female median average are extremely similar so due to the males having a increasingly better mean average seem to generally have better pulse rates and reaction times. This proves that everyone has different reaction times, which can be altered by many different variables such as that as pulse rate. Evaluation: I could have tested reaction times in a many more ways and did not have to use just light as a stimuli for the reaction time. I could have used sound like the reaction time for someone to hear the sound of a gun at a beginning of a race and to react to that and start running. Also the subjects results could have been affected by anything from light and sound distractions to whether they had consumed a substance containing caffeine before they had taken part in the activity set for them. Some of these will not have been able to improve on but others such as where and when I had collected my data may have made possible for bias results to come up in my investigation. Whether the subjects were tired, focussed, motivated will have made a difference to their performance as well so external influences can play a big part in the alteration of results. Also if the participant had carried out this particular type of investigation before or if they trained specially to improve a reaction like those whom train for sprinting would have had a clear advantage than those whom had not carried out the experiment before. In my experiment I also found that an exact recording of how far the ruler actually dropped before it was caught hard and can be seen to have been rounded to the nearest centimetre, which will not have not given me very accurate results. Kirstie Anne Jackson Mathematics 2 Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Patterns of Behaviour section.

Crisis Management: Preparedness for Tsunami

Crisis Management: Preparedness for Tsunami Implications of wave behaviour for everyday life How would a tsunami affect Christchurch? The effects of a tsunami on Christchurch and the surrounding areas would be devastating. Depending on where the tsunami is generated the damage will vary. The risks of a tsunami occurring in Christchurch are relatively low, but there is still a small risk. The highest risk of a tsunami is generated off the coasts of South America, caused by the Nazca plate colliding with the South American plate. These two plates have caused many large earthquakes and tsunamis. Chile’s 2010 8.8 magnitude earthquake caused a 2.3 – 2.6 meter tsunami to hit the coast of Chile and Peru. This tsunami travelled across the pacific ocean and reached New Zealand. Authorities stated they did not expect the tsunami to reach New Zealand but later issued a warning stating that waves of up to 1 meter could hit the coasts. Waves were recorded above 0.5 meters in some areas. The Heathcote and Avon estuary in Christchurch received waves of up to 0.50 meters and surges past 1 meter. Lyttleton which is no t far from Christchurch experienced surges over 2 meters, luckily it was low tide and the water didn’t break its banks. The effects of a tsunami on Christchurch can range from unnoticeable to devastating. The effects of a tsunami depend on the characteristics of theseismic eventthat generated the tsunami, the distance from its point of origin, magnitude and, at last, the depth of the ocean. Small tsunamis, non-destructive and are undetectable without specialized equipment, happen almost every day as a result of minorearthquakesand other events. They are very often too far away from land or they are too small to have any effect when they hit the shore. When a small tsunami comes to the shoreline it is often seen as a strong and fast-moving tide. Tsunamis have long periods and can overcome obstacles such as gulfs, bays and islands. These tsunamis make landfall usually in the form of suddenly decreasing and then rapidly increasing water levels, a combination of several large waves in session. Generally tsunamis arrive, not as giant breaking waves, but as a forceful rapid increase in water levels that result in violent flooding. However, when tsunami waves become extremely large in height, they savagely attack coastlines, causing devastating property damage and loss of life. A small wave only 30 centimetres high in the deep ocean may grow into a monster wave 30m high as it sweeps over the shore. The effects can be further amplified by bays, and harbours acting as a funnel for the waves to move inland. Large tsunamis have been known to rise to over 50 meters, although this clearly never occurred in New Zealand. The initial wave of a huge tsunami is extremely tall, however, most damage is not sustained by this wave. Most of the damage is caused by the huge mass of water behind the initial wave front, as the height of the sea keeps rising fast and floods powerfully into the coastal area. It is the power behind the waves, the endless rushing water that causes devastation and loss of life. When the giant breaking waves of a tsunami batter the shoreline, they can destroy everything in their path. Destruction is caused by two mechanisms: the smashing force of a wall of water traveling at high speed, and the destructive power of a large volume of water draining off the land and carrying all with it, even if the wave did not look large. The energy tsunamis carry with them is massive. People living near coastal areas are advised to have an evacuation plan in place. If a local tsunami was to occur there would only be a few minutes to escape to higher ground. The violent force of the tsunami results in instant death, most commonly by drowning. Buildings collapsing, and electrocution, also floating debris is another cause of death. What evacuation plans are in place for Christchurch? The Christchurch City Council and NZ Police have evacuation plans in place for regional tsunamis. The NZ Police and Christchurch City Council have identified 19 at-risk sectorswithin the Christchurch coastal zone which will be the focus of any evacuation activity. About 23,000 people in 8570 households will be involved in a total evacuation of the zone. Official warnings will be announced via TV and radio. The following are official radio stations that the warning will be issued on: Classic Hits (97.7FM) National Radio (101.7FM or 675AM) Newstalk ZB (1098AM) More FM (92.1FM) Radio Live (99.3FM or 738 AM) The Breeze (94.5FM) NZ Police, Fire Service, Christchurch City Council Park Rangers and Response Team personnel, and Canterbury Civil Defence Emergency Management Group Response Team personnel would start to evacuate residents from identified risk sectors. Evacuation personal will deliver messages to each of the residents of the risk sectors. Twenty-two sirens have been installed from Waimairi beach to Sumner beach. The warning system has been installed and working since July 1st 2012. These sirens will only be used for regional tsunamis that take 2 or more hours to reach the coasts of Christchurch. For a local tsunami the council and police have plans in place. The Christchurch city council highly suggest you have your own personal evacuation plan in place, especially if you are disabled or caring for someone with disabilities. It is advised to get at least 15 meters above sea level, travelling a few blocks inland or getting on top of a cliff, try and take shelter in a two story building if you do not have enough time to go inland or get to higher ground. Tsunami waves can travel twice their height up a wall or cliff, this is why it is advised to be at least 15 meters above sea level. Are the sirens loud enough and is there enough warning systems? Twenty-two sirens have been installed from Waimairi beach to Sumner beach. Some Christchurch residents are calling the citys new tsunami warning system a dud. The $550,000 sirens had been installed on the coastline between Waimari Beach and Sumner. Residents along the coast reported that the system sounded faint. However, Civil defence and emergency management manager Murray Sinclair said the sirens were only meant to be heard up to 600 metres away from the coast, and were not designed to penetrate walls. The sirens are set at 85 decibels, which was the balance between having as many people hear it as possible and preventing anyone nearby from suffering hearing damage. Although many people had to block their ears when standing outside as it was too loud. The reason for the sirens only operating at 85 decibels as any louder and peoples hearing will be damaged. Sound is measured in units called decibels. Sounds louder than 80 decibel will cause hearing damage. 75 db will not cause hear ing damage, even after a long time exposed to it; it is unlikely to cause hearing loss. Repeated sounds above 80 decibels for long periods of time will cause hearing loss. The higher the decibel, the less time it will take for hearing loss to occur. Hearing loss happens when you are over exposed to loud sounds. Sounds over 110 decibels will cause immediate damage to your ears. Inside the ear there are microscopic hair cells found in the cochlea. When exposed to loud sounds these hairs become damaged. These cells respond to sound vibrations by sending a chemical signal to the auditory nerve. The reason being that you lose higher frequencies first is because these groups of cells are more sensitive to louder sounds and therefor are damaged more easily. The human ear can hear sounds in the range of 20Hz to 20,000 Hz. With age and time, the cell’s stereocilia become damaged and broken. Hearing loss results when the hairs become damaged. Once these cells are damaged they cannot gr ow back, that is why it is important to protect your hearing. Here are the average decibel ratings of some familiar sounds in general life: The humming of a refrigerator: 45 decibels, Normal conversation: 60 decibels, Noise from heavy city traffic: 85 decibels, Motorcycles: 95 decibels, An MP3 player at maximum volume: 105 decibels, ambulance Sirens: 120 decibels, Firecrackers and firearms: 150 decibels The 85 Decibel sirens are designed to be heard up to 600 metres away. By moving away, the decibel level of a sound will decrease by 6dB every time you double the distance from the sound. The Inverse Square Law has taught us that for every doubling of the distance between a sound source and the recipient, the sound drops by 6db. At 1 metre is 85db then at 2 metres the sound will be 79db, 4 metres will be 73db, 8 metres will be 67db, and so on. That would mean at 600 metres the sound would be 30db, this is without considering the factors of weather, humidity, and temperature. Wind would also affect how far sound could travel. Wind currents can alter or distort the sound waves, which travel by compressing and decompressing the air particles. Winds and other airflows can disrupt that action and distort the sound, either by altering its volume so it will sound louder or nearly non-existent, changing its direction slightly, or even altering its frequency. Christchurch residents complain that in the case of a local tsunamis there is no warning system in place. The 22 sirens will only be used for tsunamis that will take 3 hours or more to arrive. Residents along the coast say that we need a warning system in place in case of a local tsunami. Christchurch city council states that they do not have the resources for a warning system for a local tsunami. The risk of a local tsunami happening in Christchurch is very low, there is only a few faults in the banks peninsula area that are capable of producing tsunamis with a max wave height of 1.5 – 2 meters. Therefor CCC has ruled that a warning system for local tsunamis would be unneeded. CCC says if you feel the ground shake and find it hard to stand up for 3 minutes or more you should evacuate the area and move to higher ground. Also during a regional tsunami evacuating groups will evacuate coastal areas. Conclusion Are the sirens loud enough? The majority of residents along the coast complain that the sirens are not loud enough. Obviously 85 decibel is not loud enough. CCC will not increase the sound as it will cause slight hearing damage. People complain that during a local tsunami that there should be a warning system in place, currently there is no systems in place for local tsunamis. People have to rely on natural signs. CCC will not install any siren systems as the risk for a local tsunami is not high enough. Are there enough warning systems in place? For a local tsunami the residents complain there isn’t, but for a regional tsunami there are the warning sirens and evacuation crews in place, also radio and TV will have official warnings in place. References: http://www.ccc.govt.nz/homeliving/civildefence/informationondisastershazards/tsunami.aspx#jumplink8 http://www.stuff.co.nz/the-press/news/canterbury/9227634/Review-of-Canterbury-tsunami-impact http://ecan.govt.nz/advice/emergencies-and-hazard/tsunami/pages/tsunami.aspx#what http://resources.ccc.govt.nz/files/CCCTsunamiBrochure-informationondisastershazards.pdf http://ecan.govt.nz/advice/emergencies-and-hazard/tsunami/pages/gns-tsunami-report-canterbury.aspx http://www.ccc.govt.nz/homeliving/civildefence/informationondisastershazards/tsunami.aspx http://www.ccc.govt.nz/homeliving/civildefence/informationondisastershazards/tsunamiwarningsystem.aspx Analysis of Globalization Theory: Hybridization Analysis of Globalization Theory: Hybridization On a Monday morning, I set out to carry out my ethnographic study at the city centre in Bradford. The city centre, a large surrounding filled with tall buildings with various concrete partitions. The sloping walking hill corner of the city centre witnesses most stores, shops and shopping plaza having their last floor with glass display or walling for product displays with attractive inscription of sales, price slashes and percentage reductions to attract passersby to their outlets. In trying to observe, I discovered loads of people encompassing various demography of gender and age description trooping in and out of the stores, shops and supermarkets with different bags and shopping packages. The people appeared focused inwards and determined to get to where they wanted to be; most people just seemed to be on the way without personal concerns. Everybody seemed to be walking in a rushed manner, like clockwork figures or programmed robots. The flower sellers and a man at the bakery stan d at the middle of the walking arena at the city centre seemed to be the only ones who were looking into the faces of people, trying to get them to stop and purchase their products. They were quite vocal with their sales chant. I also observed an old woman on a small mechanized wheel chair; she looked sober, tired and weary. As she drove past, I saw she had different packages from different stores on her machine tray. Many visible diverse nationalities (assumed based on various perception of sight) walking around were observed to have similar outfits. There were people in jean, jackets, boots, caftans, turbans, hijabs etc. the jacket being the most common and which was a result of the weather conditions and the adaptation of human culture through globalization. Apart from male police officers and one female officer taking a patrol with their hefty wear attached with various mechanical gadgets around them looking ready for crime mongers/war. Most observed people seem to know how and where to shop, there seem to be no description as to where to go and how to go about it but just mere advertisement in the front of every main door step with products of sales. However, a young man and woman were observed to be paying for a Chinese meal in a Chinese restaurant through the Debit Card point service and an attractive TV displaying Chinese movie was also seen from the outer view of the restaurant through its transparent glass partitioning. Looking behind, I saw a group of people discussing in English language and interchanging it with some Chinese language at intervals in a loud manner; while another group adjacent to them even though diverse, appeared to be speaking English but in a quiet mode. A further stroll, noticed the sight of a group of old men seen playing guitar by the road side singing (numerous cultural and globalized music spanning from Westernized to European and even Jamaican) and receiving accolades from a group of people comprising both genders but diff erent nationalities; assumed Pakistan and some European young blokes and ladies. Globalization thesis Hybridization theory Theoretically, Culture and globalization are two diverse concepts involved in this study. Globalization involves a process of local and regional adaptations in many areas of human life under emerging global situation (Mondal, 2010). This elucidates that Globalization creates a double challenge for all of concerns: that of trying to examine and understand these progressions, and their long-term implication, but also that of deciding how human beings act in response to them. Globalization, hence, poses normative preference as much as strained analytic comprehensions (Halliday 2000). It is described as a general currency only in the past decade and include many diverse and often vague meanings, spanning from the elimination of barriers between societies, political and economic systems and the significant enlarged volume of exchange, in terms of finance, trade, ideas or people, amid them (Halliday 2000). Braibant (2002) supported the definition of Halliday (2000) in a way but concluded b y stating that globalization also comes with various infections, diseases and pollution. Hofstede (1980) asserts that Cultures and nations mostly function through essential structures such as the family, local groups, societies and circumscribed traditions, etc. In effect, organizational structures and its functioning are impacted by unique cultural traditions. In combining these two concepts discussed above, Rankin (2009) opines that Cultural globalization is regularly understood to mean the expanded movement of images, goods, technology, people and ideas around the world resulting from processes of economic globalization ever since the 1970s. It has been the theme of sizeable moral angst in academic and popular venues alike, as observers diversely lament the cultural destructions or celebrate the cultural mixings that are regularly understood to go with globalizing processes. In addition, Mondal (2010) described cultural globalization as a process which creates global culture; arguing that globalization intends to expand a world view to support multicultural society and intercultural exchange with relevant respect of regional and local cultures. A range of cultural issues and consequence have been associated with globalization and these can be examined in relation to three foremost theses, which includes; polarization, homogenization and hybridization (Chris 2006). The polarization thesis claims that global interdependence and interconnection do not compulsorily mean cultural accord, as culture is stronger to standardize than economic society and technology; while the homogenization thesis advocates that global culture is becoming uniformed and standardized around an American or Westernized model. The hybridization thesis finally argues that local cultures borrow and integrate elements from each other, creating syncretic, or hybrid, forms. This can be evidenced from daily life activities such as popular religious and music life (Holton 2000). However, this study intends to engage the HYBRIDIZATION THEORY by Pierterse (1994) for the purpose of analyzing the perceptions and observation from the ethnography study. Pierterse (1994) refers globalization as a Hybridization process that results in global mà ©lange overtime. He argues that globalization is a multidimensional process that unfolds in numerous realms of existence concurrently, like all important social processes. Holton (2000) however, refers the hybridization thesis has a focus on the intercultural exchange and the incorporation of cultural elements from a variety of sources within particular cultural practices. Hybridization can be described as the chips among polar perspectives, its existence is assumed to be derived from the paradigm of polarization and the paradigm of homogenization, with derived significance in relation to them (Pierterse, 1995). World culture theorists have claimed that world culture exist, but to a large extent less homogeneous than claimed by the world polity theorists (Bryan 2001). Rather, globalization is better characterized by processes, alternatively described as hybridization (Pieterse, 1995), glocalization (Kraidy, 1999), or creolization (Hannerz, 2000/01) where different cultural elements are connected in new and at times unexpected ways as they make contact with each other as a product of different cultural flows (Bryan H, 2001). Pierterse (1995) observed that most interpretation refers globalization as a homogenization process that stems from the perception that the world is becoming more standard and uniform, through cultural, commercial and technological synchronization emerging from the west; and an assumption that modernity is often tied up to Globalization. He however argued that the assumption that modernity often equates globalization and westernization is critical, ambiguous, historically narrow and shallow. Pieterse (1995) advocates that globalization does not compulsorily portray declining of nation-states has frequently been referred. He argues that globalization can be reinforced together with localism as in Think globally, act locally. He opines that increase in politics of ethnic identity and neo-traditional religious actions can also be perceived in the light of globalization even as identity blueprint are emerging to be complex and local loyalties are asserted by people, who however want to share in global lifestyles and values. Globalization is perceived as a process of open-ended interconnection of influence on culture (western as well as eastern). The rapid awareness of cultural difference is interdependent with globalization and there exist both strive for acknowledgment and cultural difference on a global scale. The strive for acknowledgment entails a claim to equal rights, equality and sameness of interest which results generally as a universe with common difference. Pierte se (1994) refers culture as learned and shared beliefs and behavior; making emphasis to the term Learned not instinctual and shared not individual. This leads the argument that there exist no boundaries to culture, as cultures are always open. Nonetheless, Tomlinson (2003) argue that past scholars view globalization of culture in a pessimistic light as associated with the demolition of cultural uniqueness, and also victims of accelerated encroachment of westernized and homogenized consumer culture. He emphasized that the globalization depredation has put identification of culture at risk everywhere, particularly the developing world. His contradictory argument is that globalization is also a significant force for proliferating and creating cultural identity. Analysis of the Ethnographic study and Globalization theory (Hybridization) Glocalization, a concept of globalization that pierces through the heart of cultural hybridization (Kraidy, 1999). The glocalization concept can be viewed from the ethnography study stemming from the outer view of a young man who was using his Debit card to pay for his meal in a Chinese restaurant. This portrays a view of organizations using a global means (use of Debit card Internet banking) to satisfy local customers, and still retaining local culture of its Chinese meal and movie. This shows that globalization is out of the local or global context in which it has been perceived, as people from various nationalities of the world move around taking their country meals in other countries and making payments using a globalized advantage. The view of Piertese (1995), that globalization can be reinforced together with localism as in Think globally, act locally is emphasized. Another perception of the globalization process in relation to the ethnography study is the old man seen playing a guitar by the road side singing and receiving accolades from a group of people comprising both genders but different nationalities; assumed Pakistan and some European young blokes and ladies. The old man seems to entice people with various types of music stemming from European to westernized and also Jamaican musics. This shows the proposition by Holton (2000), that various elements of local cultures are been borrowed and integrated from each other, which in turn creates a syncretic, or hybrid, form. The groups of people viewed at the city centre are also another perception of the globalization process in relation to the ethnography study. The communication methods seem diverse and integrating. A mix of people perceived not to be from the same nationality speaking English and communicating fluently; while the some other set of people seem to be speaking some Chinese language. This elucidates Holton (2000) argument that the intercultural exchange and the integration of cultural elements from a range of sources within particular cultural practices results in Hybridization. The adaption of human nature is also an aspect of emphasis. Most people were viewed to be costumed with jean and jackets, however, some people were seen to be putting on caftans and hijabs; but a constant wear amid all is the jacket. This is as a result of the weather conditions with the most people seem adapted to irrespective of their nationalities or cultural values. Even the people putting on the caftans and hijabs were seen to be putting on the Jackets. This supports the hybridization thesis of individuals and local groups having great power to adapt with in a glocalized world. Local individuals and groups are important and creative agents. The impact of globalization on culture stems from ones thought about how his local culture should be protected from external influence, or how one thinks the cultural creativity results from communication and integration of ideas from diverse cultures (Rothenberg 2003). This was observed in the language, restaurant and musical analysis of the ethnography study carried out. People get integrated and form a cartel of globalised material in the world but however protect their local customs i.e. food, music and language evidenced by the ethnography study at the city centre. Granell (2000) argued that cultural issues are increasingly becoming an important source of strategic advantage, as part of the rising and ongoing globalization process. Although globalization is perceived by developing countries as a threat and an undesirable but nevertheless an inevitable process. He further argued that attributes of globalization does not include eradicating differences, mimicking others, or permitting more developed nations to force their models but rather incorporating differences, combination of strengths, restructuring differences and establishing efforts for a win-win process. He however, concluded by regarding Globalization is a worldwide pressure for change. Conclusion The importance of culture integration cannot be over-emphasized due to migration of various individuals and organizations to diverse nationalities. It is important to be conversant with different culture for enormous reasons; business, personal, social and governmental reasons. The knowledge of various cultures gives us an innovative idea for creating industrious inventions; while also creating better understanding amongst people in a simple way. The knowledge of diverse culture does not necessarily eliminate the cultural beliefs and values of an individual or a nation as posed by various theorists. It is not feasible to expect that the emerging global culture will substitute national cultures. Nevertheless, it is feasible to conclude that national cultures must be flexible and able to emphasize the charisma of their core essentials if they wish to remain significant in some viable style (Bird and Stevens, 2003). Globalization helps us to understand the world we live in and sometimes expands our ways of life. In the globalised times when our lives are rapidly closely tied to events and actions on the other side of the planet, culture that cross national boundaries are needed. Or else we have slight hope of making sense of happening around us. Globalization of culture can help populace embrace and come to terms with several dissimilar identities, without eliminating its own local identity. Globalization around the world those not change a persons perceptive from his local meals, language, music and religion. A globalized culture does increases knowledge of citizens in global world and does not stop them from having a feed day with their localized content, which is in support of the Hybridization theory by pieterse (1994).